So, what are AHAs? When I first heard this acronym, I thought it was one of the countless ingredient names in skin care and cosmetics that don't actually mean anything and just sound cool and scientific. Strangely enough, even though the benefits of AHAs are sometimes exaggerated (for example, they are not likely to help with with stretch marks significantly), alpha hydroxy acids can be an important part of one's skin care regime. AHAs commonly used in cosmetics are
glycolic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, citric acid, sugar cane extract, ingredients listed as "alpha hydroxy [something]" (such as tri-alpha hydroxy fruit acids) etc.
AHAs may be extracted from unripe grapes (photo by Tomas Castelazo)The good thing is, research suggests that AHAs are
able to penetrate the skin, which is not the case with most skin care ingredients. The bad thing is... exactly the same, because many effective treatments have undesirable side effects.
Effects?AHAs are used to treat
sun-damaged, aging skin, as well as fine lines. Ironically, AHAs actually
cause skin to become more sun-sensitive, and if an appropriate sunscreen is not used for at least a week afterwards, you may be doing more damage than good. Of course, you should use sunscreen religiously anyway, but doubly so after using AHAs.
My skin is not very sun-damaged, and I use AHAs primarily to
treat rough, dull skin — and it works like a charm! The trick is to do it in moderation. I exfoliate with a product containing AHAs about once every two weeks. Since I also use other forms of exfoliation, that's enough to get skin that is positively glowing.
If you're seeking to get results similar to
mechanical exfoliation, it would be a good idea to try AHAs. In my experience the rough skin tends to return a few days after exfoliating mechanically, and, if I have been using a product that is too coarse, my skin may even become worse. This is not the case with AHAs (the results usually last for weeks).
Risks?Apart from sun-sensitivity, which is a risk only if you don't wear a well-formulated sunscreen, reapplying it often enough, it
can irritate your skin to varying degrees (flaking, redness etc.). However, even though I have sensitive skin, I don't experience much irritation. It is important to test the product beforehand, use it exactly according to the instructions (never leave the product on for longer than recommended!) and never use it on irritated skin. During the periods when my skin has dry patches, AHAs are not my exfoliator of choice (I prefer a mild BHA product — I'll post about BHAs later on).
Tips- It is very important to use an UVB/UVA sunscreen of SPF 15 or more for at least a week after using a product that contains AHAs, because the skin is more sensitive to sunlight. Don't rely on the sunscreen in the product, if any; use another one in addition.
- Don't use AHAs right before a "big day". My skin looks best about 3-4 days after using AHAs, and I would recommend using a product for the first time when you have nothing important planned for at least a week ahead.
- Exfoliate in the evening. The (usually slight) skin irritation is likely to be gone by the morning, and the sun sensitivity will have decreased at least slightly. If possible, I pick an evening before a holiday, when I'm going to sleep in.
- The concentration and pH level of the product is important. According to FDA, AHAs are "safe for use in cosmetic products at concentrations less than or equal to 10 percent, at final formulation pHs greater than or equal to 3.5, when formulated to avoid increasing the skin's sensitivity to the sun, or when directions for use include the daily use of sun protection". (It is, however, ok to use AHAs in other concentrations in salon products, if it's done properly and responsibly).